2019年廣西崗位能力常識(shí)判斷語言文字考點(diǎn)真題
第二步，美《全球主義者》在線雜志2017年12月31日刊登題為《使用最廣泛的語言》的報(bào)道稱，全世界有110個(gè)將英語作為母語、官方語言或普遍的第二語言。其他任何一種語言在世界各都沒有得到如此廣泛的使用。漢語歷史悠久，使用人數(shù)最多，世界上使用漢語的人數(shù)至少15億。而法語只是聯(lián)合6種工作語言(漢語、英語、法語、俄語、阿拉伯語、西班牙語)之一，并不是使用最廣泛的語言。 因此，選擇C選項(xiàng)。
解放軍文職招聘考試英語語言學(xué)筆記7-解放軍文職人員招聘-軍隊(duì)文職考試-紅師教育
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2017-05-2116:19:54第一部分選擇題I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%10=20%)1、Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesforcorrectlinguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Ofallthespeechorgans,the___is/arethemostflexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocalcords3、Themorphemevisioninthecommonwordtelevisionisa(n)___.A、boundmorphemeB、boundformC、inflectionalmorphemeD、freemorpheme4、A___intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主從連詞5、CanIborrowyourbike?___Youhaveabike.A、issynonymouswithB、isinconsistentwithC、entailsD、presupposes6、Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalled___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammaticalchangesmaybeexplained,inpart,asanalogicchanges,whichare___orgeneralization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精簡C、externalborrowingD、internalborrowing8、___referstoamarginallanguageoffewlexicalitemsandstraightforwardgrammaticalrules,usedasamediumofcommunication.A、Linguafranca通用語B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standardlanguage標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語言9、Psychologists,neurologistsandlinguistshaveconcludedthat,inadditiontothemotorareawhichisresponsibleforphysicalarticulationofutterances,threeareasoftheleftbrainarevitaltolanguage,namely,___.A、Broca"sarea,Wernicke"sareaandtheangulargyrus角回B、Broca"sarea,Wernicke"sareaandcerebralcortexC、Broca"sarea,Wernicke"sareaandneuronsD、Broca"sarea,Wernicke"sareaandExner"sarea10、AccordingtoKrashen,___referstothegradualandsubconciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非選擇題II.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%10=10%)11、Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser"skoftherulesofhislanguage.12、Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb.13、Misabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.14、Asisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.15、Synonymsthataremutuallysubstitutableunderallcircumstancesarecalledcsynonyms.16、Theillocutionarypointofristocommitthespeakertosomething"sbeingthecase,tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid.17、Wordsarecreatedoutrighttofitsomepurpose.Suchamethodofenlargingthevocabularyisknownaswordc.18、Whereverthestandardlanguagecanuseacontraction(he+ishe"s),BlackEnglishcandtheformofbe.19、Thebasicessentialsofthefirstlanguageareacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty,whichiscalledthecperiodforfirstlanguageacquisition.20、Asatypeoflinguisticsystemin12learning,iisaproductofL2training,mothertongueintereference,overgeneralizationofthetargetlanguagerules,andlearningandcommunicativestrategiesofthelearner.III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%10=20%)()21、Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thewrittenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthespokenformforanumberofreasons.()22、VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.()23、Thecompoundwordbookstoreistheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.()24、Syntacticcategoriesrefertosentences(S)andclauses(C)only.()25、DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.()26、OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.()27、TheterritoryinwhichtheIndo-EuropeanlanguagesaremainlyspokentodayalsoincludeslanguagesthatarenotIndo-European.()28、Inmostbilingualcommunities,twolanguageshavethesameinspeechsituationsknownasdomains.()29、AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,speakers"perceptionsdeterminelanguageandpatterntheirwayoflife.()30、Allnormalchildrenhaveequalabilitytoacquiretheirfirstlanguage.IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%10=30%)31、duality32、diachroniclinguistics33、broadtranscription34、morphologicalrules35、phrasestructurerule36、relationalopposites37、componentialanalysis38、context39、euphemism40、brainlateralizationV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%2=20%)41、Explainhowtheinventoryofsoundscanchange,givingsomeexamplesinEnglishforillustration.42、Brieflydiscusstheindividualfactorswhichaffecttheacquisitionofasecondlanguage.英語語言學(xué)試題（2）一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(在每小題的四個(gè)備選答案中，選出一個(gè)正確答案，并將正確答案的序號(hào)填在題干的括號(hào)內(nèi)。每小題2分，共20分)1.Thepairofwordslendandborroware___.()A.gradableoppositesB.relationaloppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms2.ThediscoveryofIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilybeganwiththeworkoftheBritishscholar.()A.JacobGrimmB.RasmusRaskC.FranzBoppD.SirWilliamJones3.Alinguistregardsthechangesinlanguageandlanguageuseas__.()A.unusualB.somethingtobefearedC.abnormalD.natural4.__producefastandfluentspeechwithgoodintonationandpronunciationbutthecontentoftheirspeechrangesfrommildlyinappropriatetocompletenonsense,oftenasunintelligible.()A.Broca"saphasicB.ThelinguisticdeprivationC.ThedamageontheangulargyrusD.Wernicke"saphasic5.SomeSouthernlearnersofEnglishinChinatendtosaynightaslight.Thisshows:.()A.Theycannotpronounce/n/B.Interlangueinterferencebecausethereisnotthesound/n/intheirmothertongueC.TheteachersdonothaveagoodteachingmethodD.Theydonotliketopronouncenasalsounds6.Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled__word.()A.apolysemousB.asynonymousC.anabnormalD.amultiple7.ThefunctionofthesentenceAniceday,isn"tit?is__.()A.informativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performative8.ThemostrecognizabledifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglisharein__andvocabulary.()A.usageB.grammarC.pronunciationD.structure9.__dealswiththewayinwhichalanguagevariesthroughgeographicalspace.()A.LinguisticgeographyB.LexicologyC.LexicographyD.Sociolinguistics10.Thesemanticcomponentsofthewordgentlemancanbeexpressedas__.()A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB.+animate,+male,+human,+adultC.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adult二、填空題(每空1分，共10分)11.Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofw________toformacompletestatement,q________orcommand.12.Insociolinguisticstudies,speakersaretreatedasmembersofs__g________.13.Utteranceisbasedon________________;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.14.Tomanypeople,alinguististhesameasa________,onewhocanspeakseverallanguagesfluently.15.Consonantsoundscanbeeitherv________orv__,whileallvowelsoundsarev________.三、判斷說明題(判斷下列各小題，正確的在題后括號(hào)內(nèi)寫T，錯(cuò)的寫F，并說明理由。每小題2分，共20分)16.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.()17.Tenseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.()18.Linguisticsisthecourseoflanguage.()19.Thepartofasentencewhichcompriesecomprisesaninfiniteverboraverbphraseisgrammaticallycalledpredicate.()20.Historicallinguisticsequalstothestudyofsynchronicstudy.()21.Thetermdialect,asatechnicalterminlinguistics,carriesvaluejudgementandnotsimplyreferstoadistinctformoflanguage.()22.Morphologyistranslatedas形態(tài)學(xué)。()23.Thewordphotographicallyismadeupof4morphemes.()24.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageisallomorph.()25.Semanticsisthemainpartoflinguistics.()四、名詞解釋(每小題3分，共30分)26.generallinguistics27.suprasegmentalfeatures28.rootandstem29.hierarchicalstructure30.namingtheoryandconceptualistview31.maximsofqualityandmanner32.blending33.sociolect34.subvocalspeech35.contrastiveanalysis五、論述題(每小題10分，共20分)36.Paraphraseeachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowthesyntacticrulesaccountfortheambiguityofsentences.(1)Theshootingofthehuntersmightbeterrible.(2)Hesawyoungmenandwomenpresent.(3)Theyweresurprisedatthepresident"sappointment.37.Decidethemeaningofthefollowingaffixesandgiveeachaffixtwoexamples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英語語言學(xué)試題（3）第一部分選擇題Ⅰ.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%10=20%)1.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisgoodproofthathumanlanguageis______.A.arbitraryB.non-arbitraryC.logicalD.non-productive2.AllthebackvowelsinEnglisharepronouncedwithrounded-lips,i.e.rounded,EXCEPT______.3.Thelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplaceiscommonlytermedthe______.A.phrasestructureB.surfacestructureC.syntacticstructureD.deepstructure4.Thetheoryof______accountsforthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.A.CaseConditionB.AdjacentConditionC.parameterD.Adjacentparameters5.Thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameformiscalled______.A.polysemyB.hyponymyC.antonymyD.homonymy6.TheutteranceWe"realreadyworking25hoursaday,eightdaysaweek.obviouslyviolatesthemaximof______.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner7.Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildrenusually______grammaticalrulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.A.useB.acceptC.generalizeD.reconstruct8.Standardizationknownas______isnecessaryinordertofacilitatecommunications.A.languageinterpretationB.languageidentificationC.languagechoiceD.languageplanning9.Whichofthefollowingchoicesisnotthekeybiologicalbasisforhumanlanguageacquisition?______.A.CerebralcortexB.NeuronsC.EyesD.Angulargyrus10.Basicallyallthefollowingcategoriesexcept______arealwaysmissinginthechildren"stelegraphicspeechstage.A.thecopulaverbbeB.inflectionalmorphemesC.functionwordsD.contentwords第二部分非選擇題Ⅱ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%10=10%)11.Languageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeiscalleda_s_______studyoflanguage.12.Anessentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheaircomingupfromthelungsmeetswithany_o________whenasoundisproduced.13.Themorphemesthatcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsarecalled_b________morphemes.14.XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNPtheboywholikeshispuppyconsistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthe_s________,NtheheadandSthecomplement.15.AccordingtoSearle"sclassificationofillocutionaryacts,tosuggestthatsomeoneshouldseethedoctorshouldfallintothecategoryof_d________.16.Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalled_s________.17.Vowelscanbenasalized.Thevowelnasalizationruleisan_a________rule,which,forthemostpart,iscausedbyarticulatoryorphysiologicalprocessinwhichsuccessivesoundsaremadeidentical,ormoresimilar,tooneanother.18.Onemarkofaninformalstyleisthefrequentoccurrenceof_s________wordsandexpressions,whichmakesenseonlytothepeopleofparticularsocialgroupsandserveasamarkofmembershipandsolidaritywithinagivensocialgroup.19.Thebrainisdividedintotworoughlysymmetricalhalves,called_h________,oneontherightandoneontheleft.20.Linguistsoftenusethetermnativelanguageormothertongueinsteadoffirstlanguage,and_t________languageinsteadofsecondlanguageinsecondlanguageacquisitionliterature.Ⅲ.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%10=20%)21.()Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.weareallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguageandthedetailsofalanguagesystemaregeneticallytransmitted.22.()Ageneraldifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonologyisthatphoneticsisfocusedontheproductionofspeechsoundswhilephonologyismoreconcernedwithhowspeechsoundsdistinguishmeaning.23.()Onlywordsofthesamepartsofspeechcanbecombinedtoformcompounds.24.()Sentencesarenotformedbyrandomlycombininglexicalitems,butbyfollowingasetofsyntacticrulesthatarrangelinguisticelementsinaparticularorder.25.()Thesamesemanticfeatureoccursinonepartofspeechonly.Forexample,femaleoccursonlyinnounssuchasmother,womangirltigressandsoonbutnotinotherpartsofspeech.26.()AccordingtoSearle"sclassificationofillocutionaryacts,inviting,ordering,advising,promisingandapologizingallfallintothecategoryofdirectives.27.()Newwordsmaybeformedfromexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword;thatis,ignorancesometimescanbecreative.Thuspeddlewasderivedfrompeddleronthemistakenassumptionthatthe-erwastheagentivesuffix.28.()WomeninWesterncountriesatleastappeartobemorestatus-consciousandsensitivetothesocialsignificanceofcertainlinguisticvariables.29.()ThecaseofGenieconfirmsthatthelanguagefacultyofanaveragehumandegeneratesafterthecriticalperiodandconsequently,mostlinguisticskillscannotdevelop.30.()Consciousknowledgeoflinguisticrulesdoesensureacquisitionoftherulesandthereforeanimmediateguidanceforactualperformance.Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%10=30%)31.narrowtranscription32.stem33.derivationalaffixes34.grammaticalrelation35.predication36.semanticnarrowing37.nonstandardlanguages38.linguistictaboo39.angulargyrus40.interlanguageⅤ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%2=20%)41.Explainwithexamplesthethreenotionsofphone,phonemeandallophone,andalsohowtheyarerelated.英語語言學(xué)試題（5）一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(在每小題的四個(gè)備選答案中，選出一個(gè)正確答案，并將正確答案的序號(hào)填在題干的括號(hào)內(nèi)。每小題2分，共20分)1.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa()study.A.comparativeB.diachronicC.up-to-dateD.descriptive2.Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics,thelongestestablished,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,is()phonetics.A.auditoryB.acousticC.articulatoryD.noneoftheabovethree3.Whattheelement-esindicatesisthirdpersonsingular,presenttense,theelement-edpasttense,and-ingprogressiveaspect.Sincetheyarethesmallestunitoflanguageandmeaningful,theyarealso().A.phonemesB.morphemesC.allophonesD.phones4.Sinceearly1980sNoamChomskyandothergeneratvielinguistsproposedanddevelopedatheoryofuniversalgrammarknownasthe()theory.A.speechactB.TGC.principles-and-parametersD.minimalistprogramme5.Onewaytoanalyzelexicalmeaningis().A.predicationanalysisB.stylisticanalysisC.componentialanalysisD.propositionanalysis6.Ofthethreespeechacts,linguistsaremostinterestedinthe()becausethiskindofspeechactisidenticalwiththespeakersintention.A.locutionaryactB.illocutionaryactC.perlocutionaryactD.constativeact7.ThediscoveryofIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilybeganwiththeworkoftheBritishscholar().A.SirWilliamJonesB.JohnFirthC.M.A.K.HallidayD.F.D.Saussure8.Abilingualspeakeroftenusestwolanguagesalternativelyduringaconversationwithanotherbilingualspeaker,aspeechsituationknownas().A.discourserole-switchingB.activityrole-switchingC.socialrole-switchingD.code-switching9.AfocalpointofSLAresearchhasbeenthenatureanddevelopmentofL2learners().A.secondlanguageB.firstlanguageC.foreignlanguageD.interlanguage10.ItisestimatedthatthenumberofbasicwordsknownbyEnglish-speakingschoolchildrenofagesixisaround().A.7800B.6800C.5800D.4800二、填空題(每小題1分，共10分)11.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisas________study.12.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi________.13.Accordingtoitspositioninthenewword,a________aredividedintotwokinds:prefixesandsuffixes.14.P________referstothephenomenonthatthesamewordmayhaveasetofdifferentmeanings.15.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions.16.Theu________meaningofthesentencevarieswiththecontextinwhichitisuttered.17.Someimportantmissionsofhistoricallinguistsaretoidentifyandclassifyfamiliesofrelatedlanguagesinagenealogicalfamilytree,andtoreconstructthep________,theoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.18.R________arelanguagevarietiesappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations.19.LearnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownaslanguaget________.20.ArelatedissuewithintegrativemotivationhasbeentheextenttowhichlearnersdifferintheprocessofadaptingtothenewcultureoftheL2community.Thisadaptationprocessiscalleda________.三、判斷說明題(判斷下列各題，正確的在題干后面的括號(hào)內(nèi)填T，錯(cuò)誤的填F，并說明理由。每小題2分，共20分)21.Modernlinguisticsismainlydiachronic.()22.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.()23.Semantically,themeaningofacompoundisoftenidiomatic,alwaysbeingthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.()24.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.()25.Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythegenerativesemanticiststoanalyzemeaning.()26.Linguistsfoundthatitwouldbepossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningevenifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.()27.ItisgenerallyacceptedthatthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.()28.Whenpeopleofacommunityspeakthesamelanguagefordifferentpurposes,sociolinguisticsituationsknownasdiglossiaandbilingualismemerge.()29.Linguisticlateralizationintermsofrighthemisphericdominanceforlanguageisfoundtoexistinanoverwhelmingmajorityofhumanbeings.()30.Inordertoidentifytheareasoflearningdifficulty,aninterlingualcontrastiveprocedureContrastiveAnalysiswasdeveloped.()四、名詞解釋(每小題3分，共30分)31.competenceandperformance32.minimalpair33.morphology34.finiteclause35.senseandreference36.CooperativePrinciple37.semanticbroadening38.languageplanning39.thecriticalperiodhypothesis40.instrumentalmotivationvs.integrativemotivation五、論述題(第41、42小題各7分，第43小題6分，共20分)41.Underwhatconditionswilltwosoundsbeassignedtothesamephoneme?42.Forthefollowingsentence,drawatreediagramtorevealitsunderlyingstructure.Thegirlatetheorange.43.StudythepassagetakenfromShakespearesHAMLETbelowcarefullyandidentifyeverydifferenceinexpressionbetweenElizabethanandModernEnglishthatisevident.King:WhereisPolonius?Hamlet:Inheaven,Sendthithertosee.Ifyourmessengerfindhimnotthere,seekhimitheotherplaceyourself.Butindeed,ifyoufindhimnotwithinthismonth,youshallnosehimasyougoupthestairsintothelobby.ActIV,Sceneiii英語語言學(xué)試題（6）Ⅰ.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%10=20%)1.Chomskyusestheterm()torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.A.langueB.competenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation,thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof().A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby()in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaccordingto()setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhichgirlandlassbelongiscalled()synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof()istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.commissivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman,woman,child,eat,fight,ect.originatefrom().A.MiddleEnglishB.OldEnglishC.FrenchD.NormanFrench8.Inadiglossiccountry,thetwodiglossicformsofalanguagearegenerallytwovarietiesofthesamelanguage,buttherearesituationsinwhichtheH-varietymayhaveno()relationshipwiththeL-variety.A.geneticB.socialC.directD.close9.Manyaphasicsdonotshowtotallanguageloss.Rather,differentaspectsoflanguageareimpaired.Aphasicsin()arearevealword-findingdifficultiesandproblemswithsyntax.A.WernikersB.visualC.motorD.Brocas10.()motivationoccurswhenthelearnerdesirestolearnasecondlanguageinordertocommunicatewithnativespeakersofthetargetlanguage.A.InstrumentalB.FunctionalC.IntegrativeD.SocialⅡ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1％10=10％)11.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobed_____.12.Stops,fricatives,affricates,liquids,andglidesallhavesomedegreeofo____andarethereforeconsonants.13.M____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.14.A_____isthemovementofanauxiliaryverbtothesentence-initialposition,suchasbe,have,doetc.15.R____iswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweenformandthereality.16.InAustinsearlyspeechacttheory,c____werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.17.Intheprocessoffirstlanguageacquisition,childrenusuallyconstructtheirpersonalgrammars,andtheirlanguagedevelopsinstagesuntilita_____thegrammaticalrulesoftheadultlanguage.18.As_____communityisonegroup,allofwhosememberssharethesamelanguageoratleastasinglelanguagevariety.19.Peoplemaycommunicatetheirfeelingsorthoughtsvian_____signalssuchasfacialexpressions,gestures,postures,orproxemicspace.20.Althoughthedevelopmentofacommunicativesystemisnotuniquetohumanbeings,thenaturalacquisitionofl______asasystemofhighlyabstractrulesandregulationsforcreativecommunicationiswhatdistinguisheshumansfromallotheranimalspecies.Ⅲ.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2％10=20％)21.()Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech;thustherearestillmanylanguagesintodaysworldthatcanonlybespoken,butnotwritten.22.()Insuchsoundcombinationsas/bi:p/,/geip/and/su:p/,thevoicelessstop/p/,occurringinthefinalposition,isunaspirated,i.e.pronouncedwiththestrongpuffofairwithheldtosomeextent.23.()Thepartofspeechofthecompoundisalwaysdeterminedbythepartofspeechofthesecondelement,withoutexception.24.()Therelationshipbetweentheembeddedclauseanditsmatrixclauseisoneofaparttothewhole.25.()Thecontextualistviewofmeaningholdsthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofthesituationalcontextandlinguisticcontext.26.()Searlesclassificationofillocutionaryactsisbasedontheclassificationofperformativeverbs.27.()Onekindoflanguagechangeresultsinanincreaseofthenumberofexceptionalorirregularmorphemes.Thiskindofchangehasbeencalledinternalborrowingthatis,weborrowfromonepartofthegrammarandapplytherulegenerally.28.()Therearedifferencesinthewaypeopleofvariousagecategoriesspeak.Thedifferencesmosteasilynotedbythelaymanarelikelytobegrammaticalinnature.29.()Thelefthemisphereofthebrainissuperiortotherighthemispherebecausethelefthemisphereislanguage-dominant.30()AchildborntoaChineseorEnglishspeakingfamilytakesaboutthesamenumberofyearstoacquiretheirnativetongue,regardlessoftheirgeneralintelligence.Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3％10=30％)31.assimilationrule32.root33.boundmorphemes34.surfacestructure35.grammaticality36.elaboration37.bilingualism38.creole39.theSapir-Whorfhypothesis40.fossilizationⅤ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10％2=20％)41.Thephonologicalfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofindividualsoundsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Discussthemainsuprasegmentalfeatures,illustratingwithexampleshowtheyfunctioninthedistinctionofmeaning.42.Explainandgiveexamplestoshowinwhatwaycomponentialanalysisissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures.英語語言學(xué)試題（7）一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(在每小題的四個(gè)備選答案中，選出一個(gè)正確答案，并將正確答案的序號(hào)填在題干的括號(hào)內(nèi)。每小題2分，共20分)1.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintostops.fricatives,nasals,etc.,intermsof().A.mannerofarticulationB.opennessofmouthC.placeofarticulationD.voicing2.Thestudyofhowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalled().A.phoneticsB.morphologyC.syntaxD.semantics3.AccordingtoChomsky,()istheidealusersinternalizedknowledgeofhislanguage.A.competenceB.paroleC.performanceD.langue4.SweetsandcandyareusedrespectivelyinBritaininandAmerica,butrefertothesamething.Thewordsare()synonyms.A.collocationalB.dialectalC.completeD.stylistic5.Differentmeaningscanbeassociatedwithonelinguisticform,butthereisnobasicmeaningamongthem.Thisisknownas().A.homonymyB.hyponymyC.polysemyD.antonymy6.Howfastdidhedrivewhenherantheredlight?()Herantheredlight.A.entailsB.contradictsC.presupposesD.includes7.Thewordlabisformedthrough().A.backformationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation8.()inthebrainfulfillsthefunctionofspeechproduction.A.AngulargyrusB.BrocasareaC.TherighthemisphereD.Wernickesarea9.Whenachildusesmummytorefertoanywoman,mostprobablyhismummymeans().A.+HumanB.+Human+AdultC.+Human+AdultMaleD.+Human+Adult-Male+Parent10.()isnotasuprasegmentalfeature.A.AspirationB.IntonationC.StressD.Tone二、在下列空格中填上以給出字母開始的恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。（每空1分，共16分）1.D_________isadesignfeatureofhumanlanguagethatenablesspeakerstotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeandspace.2.S_________studyoflanguagedescribeslanguageatsomepointintime;d_________studydescribeslanguageasitchangesthroughtime.3.N_________transcriptiontranscribessoundswithdiacritics,whileb_________transcriptiondoesnot.4.Asentencehasahierarchicalstructureandl_________structureaswell.5.Unlikeasentence,themeaningofanu_________isconcreteandcontext-dependent.6.ChinesebelongstoS_________languagefamily,whileEnglishbelongstoI_________languagefamily.7.R_________aresituationaldialectsappropriateforuseinparticularsituations;i_________isapersonaldialect.8.Whenap_________comestobeadoptedbyapopulationasitsprimarylanguageandchildrenlearnitastheirfirstlanguage,itbecomesc_________.9.I_________istheapproximatelinguisticsystemthatasecondlanguagelearnerconstructs,whichrepresentsthelearnerstransitionalcompetenceinthetargetlanguage.10.A_________isthelearnersprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthetargetlanguagecommunity.11.Wordsthathavedescendedfromacommonsourcearec_________.三、判斷下列各題，正確的在題后括號(hào)內(nèi)寫T，錯(cuò)誤的寫F并且加以改正。（每小題2分，共20分）1.Beatandbitarenotaminimalpair.()2.Compoundsarewordscreatedbycombiningtwoormorethantwowords.()3.Linguisticchangeoccursonlyinsoundandlexicalsystem,butnotinsyntax.()4.Inapredication,theargumentissaidtogovernthepredicate.()5.ModernEnglishbeganwiththeNormanConquest.()6.Bilingualismisasituationinwhichtwodifferentvarietiesofalanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity.()7.ThecaseofGeniesuggeststhatthelanguagefacultyofanaveragehumandegeneratesafterthecriticalperiod.()8.Interferenceistheonlysourceoferrorsinthesecondlanguageacquisition.()9.Whenapluralform-sisaddedtoanounthatendswithavowel,itispronouncedas［z］,duetoassimilation.()10.InthesentenceThefatherbeatthechild,thechildisbothastructuralandlogicalobject.()四、名詞解釋，并至少舉一例加以說明（每小題4分，共24分）1.duality2.phoneme3.complexsentence4.reference5.perlocutionaryact6.linguistictaboo五、論述題（每小題10分，共20分）1.CommentonthefollowingconversationintermsofGricesCooperativePrinciple:A:Whereveyoubeen?B:Out.2.Analysethefollowingwordsandshowhowmanymorphemeseachofthemcontains:specialize,indisputable,individualistic,downfall,unexceptionableness,ungentlemanliness(每個(gè)語素0.5分)英語語言學(xué)試題（8）語言學(xué)試題第一部分選擇題一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分)在每小題列出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是符合題目要求的，請(qǐng)將正確選項(xiàng)前的字母填在題后的括號(hào)內(nèi)。1.ThefamousquotationfromShakespeare"splayRomeoandJulietArosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweetwellillustrates_______.()A.theconventionalnatureoflanguageB.thecreativenatureoflanguageC.theuniversalityoflanguageD.thebigdifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunication2.Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only_______ispermissibleaccordingtothesequentialrulesinEnglish.()A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk3.ThesentencethathasaNPandaVPcanbeshownina_______formulaSNPVP.()A.hierarchicalB.linearC.treediagramD.vertical4.Itisthe_______onCaseassignmentthatstatesthataCaseassignorandaCaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.()A.CaseConditionB.parameterC.AdjacentConditionD.AdjacentParameter5.Predicationanalysisisawaytoanalyze_______meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence6.AccordingtoSearle,thoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionarecalled_______.()A.commisivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.Theterm_______linguisticsmaybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangeovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.comparativeD.historicalcomparative8.Thewayinwhichpeopleaddresseachotherdependsontheirage,sex,socialgroup,andpersonalrelationship.TheEnglishsystemofaddressformsfrequentlyusedincludesfirstname,lastname,title+lastname,_______,andkinterm.A.title+firstnameB.title+titleC.titlealoneD.firstname+lastname+title9.Languageandthoughtmaybeviewedastwoindependentcirclesoverlappinginsomeparts.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtassubvocalspeech,andspeechas_______.()A.vocalthoughtB.subvocalthoughtC.covertthoughtD.overtthought10.Whcihofthefollowingbeststatesthebehavioristviewofchildlanguageacquisition?_______.()A.LanguageacquisitionisaprocessofhabitformationB.Languageacquisitionisthespecies-specificpropertyofhumanbeingsC.ChildrenarebornwithaninnateabilitytoacquirelanguageD.Humansareequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse第二部分非選擇題二、填空題(本大題共10小題，每小題1分，共10分。)11.Inthecourseoftime,thestudyoflanguagehascometoestablishcloselinkswithotherbranchesofs________studies,suchassociologyandpsychology.12.Clear［1］anddark［］areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/1/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeinc________distribution.13.Ar________isoftenseenaspartofaword,butitcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning.14.Ac________sentencecontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintheother.15.Thatthedenialofonememberoftwowordsimpliestheassertionoftheotheristhecharacteristicofc________antonyms.16.Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofanu________isconcreteandcontext-dependent.17.Phonologicalrulesmaymovephonemesfromoneplaceinthestringtoanother.Forexample,ModernEnglishverbaskwasOldEnglishaskian,withthe/k/precedingthe/s/.Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasm________.18.Inmanysocietiesoftheworld,wefindalargenumberofpeoplewhospeakmorethanonelanguage.Asacharacteristicofsocieties,b________inevitablyresultsfromthecomingintocontactofpeoplewithdifferentculturesanddifferentlanguages.19.Thebrain"sneurologicalspecializationforlanguageiscalledlinguisticI________,whichisspecifictohumanbeings.20.Inordertoacquireasecondlanguage,learnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirfirstlanguageknowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknowaslanguaget________.三、判斷說明題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分。)判斷下列各題正誤，正者在括號(hào)內(nèi)寫T，誤者在括號(hào)內(nèi)寫F，并說明理由。()21.Inthehistoryofanylanguagethewritingsystemalwayscameintobeingbeforethespokenform.()22.InEnglish,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbecausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i:/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.()23.Acompoundisthecombinationofonlytwowords.()24.ThestudentinthesentenceThestudentlikedthelinguisticlecture.,andThelinguisticlectureinthesentenceThelinguisticlecturelikedthestudent.belongtothesamesyntacticcategory.)25.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationswhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferencealwayshavethesamesense.()26.Animportantdifferencebetweenpresuppositionandentailmentisthatpresupposition,unlikeentailment,isnotvulnerabletonegation.Thatistosay,ifasentenceisnegated,theoriginalpresuppositionisstilltrue.()27.ThedivisionofEnglishintoOldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglishisnonconventionalandnotarbitrary.()28.Languagereflectssexisminsociety.Languageitselfisnotsexist,justasitisnotobscene;butitcanconnotesexistattitudesaswellasattitudesaboutsocialtaboosorracism.()29.Ifachildisdeprivedoflinguisticenvironment,heorsheisunlikelytolearnalanguagesuccessfullylateron.()30.Whenchildrenlearntodistinguishbetweenthesoundsoftheirlanguageandthesoundsthatarenotpartofthelanguage,theycanacquireanysoundsintheirnativelanguageoncetheirparentsteachthem.四、名詞解釋題(本大題共10小題，每小題3分，共30分。)31.culturaltransmission(asadefiningfeatureofhumanlanguage)32.phonicmediumoflanguage33.voicing34.inflectionalmorphemes35.reference36.locutionaryact37.protolanguage38.ethnicdialect39.registers40.acculturation五、論述題(本大題共2小題，每小題10分，共20分。)41.Whydowesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructureinanalyzingtheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements?Supportyourstatementwithexamples.42.Describetheprocessoflanguageperception,comprehensionandproduction英語語言學(xué)試題（9）語言學(xué)試題及參考答案I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%10=20%)1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof__________.A.aparticularlanguageB.theEnglishlanguageC.humanlanguagesingeneralD.thesystemofaparticularlanguage2.Theconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures:__________.A.voiceless,bilabial,stopB.voiceless,labiodental,fricativeC.voiced,bilabial,stopD.voiced,labiodental,fricative3.Therearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffixedinthewordlearnedisknownasa(n)__________.A.derivationalmorphemeB.freemorphemeC.inflectionalmorphemeD.freeform4.InthephrasestructureruleSNPVP,thearrowcanbereadas__________.A.isequaltoB.consistsofC.hasD.generates5.Iboughtsomeroses__________Iboughtsomeflowers.A.entailsB.presupposesC.isinconsistentwithD.issynonymouswith6.Y"sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof__________.X:Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?Y:Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner7.Changesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakersofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,__________,wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed,added,lostoraltered.A.phrasesB.sentencesC.morphemesD.utterances8.Inaspeechcommunitypeoplehavesomethingincommon__________alanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguageandrulesforusingit.A.sociallyB.linguisticallyC.culturallyD.pragmatically9.Whichofthemajormentalfunctionslistedbelowisnotunderthecontrolofthelefthemisphereinmostpeople?__________.A.languageandspeechB.visualandspatialskillsC.readingandwritingD.analyticreasoning10.Ingeneral,the__________stagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild"ssecondyear.A.babblingB.one-wordC.two-wordD.multiwordⅡ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%10=10%)11.Asthefirststepoftheirscientificinvestigationoflanguage,linguistshavetoobserveandcollectlinguisticfbeforetheycandoanythingelse.12.Phonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalledsrules.13.Anindependentunitofmeaningthatcanbeusedfreelybyitselfiscalledaf___________morpheme.14.Acsentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchasand,but,or.15.Thestudyofthelinguisticmeaningofwords,phrases,andsentencesiscalleds.16.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCprincipleproposedbyJ.Grice.17.Inadditiontosocialchanges,oneofthemostpervasivesourcesoflanguagechangeseemstobethecontinualprocessofculturaltacrossgenerations.18.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflectthesattitudeconnotedinthelanguagethatissexist.19.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtassspeech,andspeechasovertthought.Insuchacase,speakingandthinkingtakeplacesimultaneously.20.IisthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLA.Ⅲ.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%10=20%)21.()Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethebestauthorsforlanguageusage.22.()InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.23.()Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.24.()Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperites.25.()Theconceptualistviewofmeaningholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreference,i.e.betweenlanguageandthought.26.()Oftheviewsconcerningthestudyofsemantics,thecontextualview,whichplacesthestudyofmeaninginthecontextinwhichlanguageisused,isoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.27.()Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren"sgrammarmodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage.28.()ThesentencesHecrazyandHebesickallthetimearebothacceptableinBlackEnglishvernacularbecausecopuladeletionandhabitualbearetwofamousfeaturesofBlackEnglish.29.()Speakersofdifferentlanguagesarecapableofdistinguishingandrecognizingexperiencesofthesameobjectiveworldaccordingtotheirrespectivedifferentlinguisticcodingsystem.30.()Instructionandcorrectionarekeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Ⅳ.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%10=30%)31.synchroniclinguistics32.displacement33.aminimalpair34.derivationalaffixes35.syntax36.languagetransfer37.hyponymy38.sentencemeaning39.linguafranca40.cerebralcortexⅤ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%2=20%)41.ExplainsociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangebygivingatypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglish.42.Explainbrieflythefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner"sacquisitionofasecondlanguage.語言學(xué)試題參考答案一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A10、D二、填空題（本大題共10小題，每小題1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判斷改錯(cuò)題（本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分）21、FActuallymodernlinguisticslaysmoreemphasisonthespokenformoflanguagethanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.22、FVoicingdistinguishesmeaninginEnglishbutnotinChinese.23、FThemeaningofsomecompoundwordshasnothingtodowiththesumtotalofthemeaningsoftheircomponents,suchasthecompoundredcoat.24、FApartfromSandC,theyalsorefertoaword,oraphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.25、FDialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundnotonlyindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutalsowithinthevarietyitself.Forexample,withinBritishEnglish,girliscalledlassieinScottishdialect,andliquoriscalledwhisheyinIrishdialect.28、FTheyhaveafairlyclearfairlyclearfunctionaldifferentiation,i.e.onelanguagemaybeusedinsomedomains,otherlanguageinotherdomains.29、FThetruestatementisAccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,languagedeterminesspeakers"perceptionsandpatternstheirwayoflife四、名詞解釋題（本大題共10小題，每小題3分，共30分）31、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,therearealimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaninglesswhileatthehigherlevelthereareanunlimitednumberofcombinationsofthesesounds.Itisalsoknownasdoublearticulation.32、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,e.g.thestudyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.33、Awaytotranscribespeechsounds.Thebasicprincipleistouseonelettertoindicateonesound.Itisgenerallyusedindictionariesandlanguageteachingtextbooks.34、Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword,e.g.-lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.35、arewriterulethatallowsforthepossiblecombinationsofwordstoformphrasesandsentences36、Relationalopposites,akindofantonyms,refertopairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.Forexample,husbandandwife,fatherandsonetc.37、Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Forexample,thewordmanisanalyzedascomprisingof+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Contextisregardedasconstitutedbyallkindsofknowledgeassumedtobesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,Forexample,theknowledgeofthelanguageusedandtheknowledgeoftheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.39、Aeuphemismisamild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionthatreplacesataboowordorservestoavoidmoredirectwordingthatmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive,e.g.passawayfordie.40、Brainlateralizationreferstothelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrain.Forexample,therighthemisphereprocessesstimulimoreholisticallyandthelefthemispheremoreanalytically.Inmostpeople,thelefthemispherehasprimaryresponsibilityforlanguage,whiletherighthemispherecontrolsvisualandspatialskills.五、論述題（本大題共2小題，每小題10分，共20分）41、Theinventoryofsoundscanchange,andsoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,soundloss,soundaddition,andsoundmovement.1)Vowelsoundchange:Englishhasundergonethesystematicandregularchangeinthevowelsounds,knownastheGreatVowelshiftwhichoccurredattheendoftheMiddleEnglishperiodandwhichinvolvedsevenlong,ortensevowels.Thesechangesledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenthephonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemes,i.e.betweenpronunciationandthespellingsystemofModernEnglish,e.g.five/fi:v/(MiddleEnglish)/faiv/(ModernEnglish)2)Soundloss:Soundscanchangebythelossofphonemes.InthehistoryofEnglishthevelarfricative/x/waslost.ThissoundexistedinOldEnglish,sonightwaspronouncedas/nixt/,butinModernEnglish,itspronunciationis/nait/.3)Soundaddition:Soundadditionincludesthegainorinsertionofasound.Forexample,thewordleisurewasborrowedfromFrench,sothephoneme/3/wasaddedtotheinventoryofEnglishsounds.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4)Soundmovement:Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementknownasmetathesisinvolvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.Metathesisislesscommon,butitdoesexist.InsomedialectsofEnglish,forexample,thewordaskispronounced/?ks/.Also,bridd(bird)isanOldEnglishword.Whenmetathesisoccurredtothisword,themovementof/r/soundtotherightofthevowelsoundresultedinitsModernEnglishcounterpartbird.評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：滿分為10分，總論及四小點(diǎn)各占2分。42、Theacquisitionofasecondlanguageisdependentonacombinationoffactors.TherateandultimatesuccessinSLAareaffectednotonlybylearners"experiencewithoptimalinputandinstruction,butalsobyindividuallearnerfactors.ThelearnerfactorsthathavecapturedtheattentionofSLAresearchersincludeage,motivation,acculturation,andpersonality:1)AgeTheoptimumageforSLAdoesnotalwaysaccordwiththemaximoftheyoungerthebetter.ButithasbeendemonstratedthatadolescentsarequickerandmoreeffectiveL2learnersthanyoungchildren.TheearlyteenagersaregoodL2learnersbecausetheirflexibilityofthelanguageacquisitionfacultyhasnotbeencompletelylostandtheircognitiveskillshavedevelopedconsiderablytofacilitatetheprocessingoflinguisticfeaturesofanewlanguage.2)MotivationAdultsaremotivatedtolearnasecondlanguagebecauseofacommunicativeneed.Ifthelearnershaveastronginstrumentalneedtolearnasecondlanguageorhaveastronginterestinthewayoflifeofnativespeakersofthelanguagetheyarelearning,theyaremostlikelytosucceed.3)AcculturationThemorealearneraspirestoacculturatetothecommunityofthetargetlanguage,thefurtherheorshewillprogressalongthedevelopmentalcontinuum.4)PersonalityThegenerallyoutgoingadultlearnerslearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanthegenerallyreservedones.英語語言學(xué)試題（2）一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(每小題2分，共20分)1.B2.D3.D4.D5.B6.A7.B8.C9.A10.B二、填空題(每空1分，共10分)11.wordsquestion12.socialgroups13.sentencemeaning14.polyglot15.voicelessvoicedvoiced三、判斷說明題(每小題2分，共20分)16.T17.F(Senseandreference)18.F(scientificstudyoflanguage)19.F(finiteverb)20.F(diachronic)21.F(novaluejudgement)22.T23.T24.F(morpheme)25.F(oneoftheparts)四、名詞解釋(每小題3分，共30分)26.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.27.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.28.Thebaseformofaword;theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.29.Thesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoriesofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.30.Thewordsofalanguagearelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor;alinguisticformislinkedthroughconceptstowhatitrefersto.31.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalseorwithoutadequateevident;Avoidobscurityofexpressionandambiguity,bebriefandorderly.32.Aprocessofforminganewwordbycombiningpartsofotherwords.33.Avarietyoflanguagesusedbyasocialclass.34.Thoughtwhenitisclosetolanguage.35.Acomparativeproceduretoestablishlinguisticdifferencesbetweenlanguagesforteachingpurposes.五、論述題(每小題10分，共20分)36.(1)thehuntersareshooting;thehuntersareshot;(2)youngmenandyoungwomen;youngmenand(notyoung)women(3)thepresidentappointsothers;thepresidentisappointed.37.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganizeun-:not,reverse,e.g.unhappy,unlockanti-:against,anti-drug,anti-imperialismsuper-greaterthanusual,e.g.superpower,superman-wise:inthemannerof,e.g.clockwise,moneywise-itis:infection.e.g.bronchitis,arthritis-ize:makeinto,e.g.realize,modernize-age:process.e.g.mileage,linkage英語語言學(xué)試題（8）語言學(xué)試題參考答案一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分)1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D6.A7.B8.C9.D10.A二、填空題(本大題共10小題，每小題1分，共10分)11.social12.complementary13.root14.complex15.complementary16.utterance17.metathesis18.bilingualism19.lateralization20.transfer三、判斷改錯(cuò)題(本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分)21.FThecontraryistrue.Thewritingsystemisalwaysalaterinvention.22.T23.FSomecompoundscontainmorethantwowords.24.T25.FItisfalsebecauselinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense.Acaseinpointisthetwoexpressionsmorningstarandeveningstar.Theyrefertothesamestarbutdifferinsense.26.T27.FThedivisionofEnglishintoOldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglishisconventionalandsomewhatarbitrary.28.T29.T30.FChildrenfirstacquirethesoundsfoundinalllanguagesoftheworld,nomatterwhatlanguagetheyareexposedto,andinlaterstagesacquirethemoredifficultsounds.四、名詞解釋題(本大題共10小題，每小題3分，共30分)31.Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humansarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,butdifferentfromanimals,theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgeneticallytransmitted,ratheritisculturallytransmitted,i.e.ithastobetaughtandlearnt.32.Thelimitedrangeofsoundsthatareusedinhumanlanguagecommunication,i.e.thespeechsounds.33.Voicingisaphoneticfeatureofsomesounds.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcords.34.Inflectionalmorphemesaremorphemesthatareusedtoindicatethegrammatrcalrelationsandcategories,suchas-ed,-(e)s,-estinEnglish.35.Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.Forexample,ifwesay,Thedogisbarking,wemustbetalkingaboutacertaindogknowntoboththespeakerandthehearerinthesituation.Theactualdogtheworddogreferstointhisparticularsituationisthereferenceoftheworddog.36.Locutionaryactreferstotheactofutteringwords,phrases,andclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Forexample,bysayingYouhaveleftthedoorwideopen,thelocutionaryactperformedbythespeakeristhathehasutteredallthewordsandexpressedwhatthewordsliterallymean.37.Aprotolanguageistheoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoexist.Theprotoformcanbereconstructedbyidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages.38.Anethnicdialectisasocialdialectofalanguage,oftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.Itisspokenmainlybyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolation,suchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.39.Registersarelanguagevarietiesappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations,incontrasttolanguagevarietiesthatareassociatedwiththesocialorregionalgroupingoftheircustomaryusers.Forthisreason,registersarealsoknownassituationaldialects.40.Acculturationreferstoaprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthesecondlanguagecommunity.五、論述題(本大題共2小題，每小題10分，共20分)41.Inadditiontorevealingalinearorder,aconstituentstructuretreehasahierarchicalstructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,andconsequentlyisbelievedtomosttruthfullyillustratetheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements.Forexample,thephrasetheoldmenandwomenmayhavetwointerpretations,i.e.theadjectiveoldmaymodifythenounmen,orthefollowingtwonounsmenandwomen.Linearorderanalysiscannottellthisdifference,soitisambiguous.Whereas,theconstituentortreediagramsanalysiscanmakethisdifferenceclear.So,wesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructureanalysis.NPNPNPNPNPNPTheoldmenandthewomentheoldmenandtheoldwomen42.Fromtheperspectiveofpsycholinguisticanalysis,languageuseintermsofperception,comprehensionandproductionfollowsacertainpatternwhichinvolvesthecoordinationofvariouslanguagecenters.Whenwespeak,wordsaredrawnfromWernicke"sareaandtransferredtoBroca"sarea,whichdeterminesthedetailsoftheirformandpronunciation.Theappropriateinstructionsarethensenttothemotorareawhichcontrolsthevocaltracttophysicallyarticulatethewords.Whenwehearsomethingandtrytocomprehendit,thestimulusfromtheauditorycortexistransmittedtoWernicke"sarea,whereitistheninterpreted.Whenweperceiveavisualimage,amessageissenttotheangulargyrus,whereitisconvertedintoavisualpattern.英語語言學(xué)試題（9）一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分）1、C2、B3、C4、B5、A6、C7、C8、B9、B10、C二、填空題（本大題共10小題，每小題1分，共10分）11、facts12、sequential13、free14、coordinate15、semantics16、Cooperative17、transmission18、social19、subvocal20、Interlanguage三、判斷改錯(cuò)題（本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分）21、（T）22、（F）Asthereisanessentialdifferencebetweentheconsonantsandthevowels,i.e.thereissomekindofobstructionofairintheproductionoftheformer,butthereisnotintheproductionofthelatter,itisimpossibletousethesamecriteriaintheirclassification.23、（F）Wecannotalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningofitsparts.24、（T）25、（F）Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolanditsreferent,i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.26、（T）27、（F）Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildren"sgrammarnevermodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage,becausechildrenusuallyconstructtheirpersonalgrammarsbythemselvesandgeneralizerulesfromthelinguisticinformationtheyhear.28、（T）29、（T）30、（F）Instructionandcorrectionarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconsciousinstruction.Instructionandcorrectionjustplayaminorrole.四、名詞解釋題（本大題共10小題，每小題3分，共30分）31、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime,e.g.thestudyofthekindofEnglishusedduringShakespeare"stime.32、Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageisnotrestrictedbythe"here"and"now"asanimalcommunicationis;wecanvirtuallytalkaboutanythingwewant,includingwhathappenedinthepast,whatisgoingtohappeninthefuture,whatisnotexistentintheimmediatesurroundingsandevenwhatweimagine.33、Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesound,e.g./pit/and/bit/.34、Affixesaddedtoanexistingformtocreateanewword,e.g.in-,-er35、Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,anditconsistsofasetofrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.36、LanguagetransferisaphenomenonthatL2learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeintheirlearningprocess.37、Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamorespecificwordandamoregeneral,moreinclusiveword.Theformerisincludedinthelatter.Forexample,acatisahyponymofanimal.38、Sentencemeaningreferstotheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.Itisabstractanddecontextualized.Forexample,semanticanalysisofthesentencemeaningofThebagisheavyresultsintheone-placepredicationBAG(BEINGHEAVY).39、Alinguafrancaisavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeopleofdiverselinguisticbackgrounds.Forthisreason,alinguafrancamustbeanagree-uponcommontongueusedbypeoplethrownintosocialcontactforvariouspurposes,suchasforsocialorcommercialpurposes.40、Cerebralcortexistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,thedecision-makingorganofthebody,receivingmessagesfromallsensoryorgansandinitiatingallvoluntaryactions.Manyofthecognitiveabilitiesthatdistinguishhumansfromothermammals,suchassophisticatedreasoning,linguisticskills,andmusicalability,arebelievedtoresideinthecortex.五、論述題（本大題共2小題，每小題10分，共20分）41、Sociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangerefertosuchradicalsocio-politicalchangesaswars,invasions,occupation,colonialization,andlanguageplanningandstandardizationpolicies.AtypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglishistheNormanConquest,amilitaryeventthatmarkedthedawningoftheMiddleEnglishperiod.ThismeansthatMiddleEnglishbeganwiththearrivaloftheNormanFrenchinvadersinEnglishunderWilliamtheConquerorin1066.AndforaboutacenturyandahalfaftertheNormanConquest,Frenchremainedasthelanguageoftherulingclass,asfarasliteratureandadministrationwereconcerned.SoMiddleEnglishwasdeeplyinfluencedbyNormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar.Forexample,suchtermsasarmy,court,defense,faith,prisonandtaxcamefromthelanguageoftheFrenchrulers.評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：滿分10分，其中定義占3分，典型例子占5分，例詞占2分。42、Thefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner"sL2acquisitionare:1)age,2)motivation,3)acculturation,4)personality.TheoptimalageforL2acquisitionisearlyteenage.Motivationreferstothelearner"soverallgoalororientation.Therearetwotypesofmotivation：instrumentalmotivationandintegrativemotivation.Theformeroccurswhenthelearner"sgoalisfunctionalandthelatteroccurswhenthelearner"sgoalissocial.AcculturationistheprocessinwhichthelearneradaptstothenewcultureoftheL2community.PersonalityisalsorelatedtoL2learning.Adultlearnerswhoareextrovertedlearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanintrovertedlearners.北京師范大學(xué)2004考研《語言學(xué)》試卷北京師范大學(xué)2004考研《語言學(xué)》試卷1.Definethefollowingterms:20points1)langue2)parole3)allophone4)semanticfield5)cohesion2.TrytoidentifythepossibleparadigmaticrelationbetweenanyitemsinthefollowingpoembyLuXun10points豈有豪情似舊時(shí)？花開花落兩由之。何期淚灑江南雨，又為斯民哭健兒！3.Givesomelexicalitemstoillustratesocialdialects.Trytoexplaintheirconnotations.20points4.WhatcanthisrulemeaninEnglishgrammar?10points[d]___[-id]/[t]___5.Definethefollowingsoundsintermsofarticulatoryfeatures10points這些音標(biāo)我打不出來和往年的差不多全掌握了就行6.TrytotellsomeofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesenominalconstructions.Supplysomeexamples.10points7.Wecanusethepatternitistoemphasizeanypartofasentenceexceptthepredicate.Whatcanwedoifwemustemphasizeit?Pleasegiveexamplestohighlightyouremphasisofanypartofthissentence:15pointsIboughtabookinthecityyesterday.8.Trytodiscussasmanyaspossiblethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.15points9.Observethefollowingsentences:老王找到老張，才找到他的兒子。老王找到老張，才找到他自己的兒子。老王找到老張，才找到自己的兒子。老王找到老張，才找到兒子。Whichsentenceisclearinitsmeaning?Whichoneisunclear?Trytoexplainwhy.PointoutsomefeaturesoftheChineselanguage.10points10.Discussthefollowing2sentences,andtellwhywecanassigndifferentvaluestotheyearoffifteen:10pointsSheisalreadyfifteen,andyetsheiscryingoversuchasmallthing.Shehasdoneitverywell;sheisonlyfifteen,youknow.11.Whatcanlinguisticsdoforlanguagelearningandteaching?(10points)12.DeterminerPhrase(DP)isthenamenewlygiventotheNPingenerativegrammar.ADPcanbeaformlike1)abook;2)thebook;3)books;4)obook.ThisnamemaybebetterthantheoldnameofNPinthatitremindsusofsthwhenwe(Chinesespeakers)learnorteachEnglish.Doyouagreetothis?Trytotellanythingsignificanthere.(10points)
2016軍隊(duì)文職考試考試崗位能力備考：語言銜接題解題技巧
語句銜接在2016軍隊(duì)文職考試考試崗位能力中是考生需要注意的內(nèi)容，語句銜接考察的是對(duì)句子與句子之間邏輯關(guān)系的把握。為各位考生更好地備戰(zhàn)2016軍隊(duì)文職考試考試，紅師教育為各位考生準(zhǔn)備了解答語言銜接題的方法與解析。 一、題型特點(diǎn) 這種題型一般是題干給出一段文字，但是這段文字不是完整的，也就是說它在其中挖去一句或者多句話，讓我們選擇出最恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x項(xiàng)填入題干。它其實(shí)就是句子填空，所以空格的部分在句子中的位置和句子整體的一致性是非常重要的。 二、解題技巧之看位置 1、當(dāng)空格位于段首時(shí) 段首句的作用有二：一是開宗明義，點(diǎn)明文段要闡述的中心思想，起總領(lǐng)全文的作用，也就是主旨句。二是引出話題，對(duì)文段要闡述的中心思想進(jìn)行鋪墊敘述、埋下伏筆，也就是總起句。
2、當(dāng)空格位于段中時(shí) 此時(shí)我們要考慮這個(gè)句子是否是從承上啟下的角度說明的，或者是和題干相關(guān)的例證、解釋說明等等。 3、當(dāng)空格位于段尾時(shí) 段尾句往往是對(duì)前文觀點(diǎn)的概括與總結(jié)，起著收束全文的作用，即點(diǎn)明中心、總結(jié)前文。因此尾句主要是：總結(jié)句、結(jié)論句、升華句、呼吁句等。
